Flash
memory
Flash memory is a
type of EEPROM chip. It has a grid of columns and rows with a cell that has two
transistors at each intersection (see image below). The two transistors are
separated from each other by a thin oxide layer. One of the transistors is
known as a floating gate, and the other one is the control gate. The floating
gate's only link to the row, or wordline, is through the control gate. As long
as this link is in place, the cell has a value of 1. To change the value to a 0
requires a curious process called Fowler-Nordheim tunneling. Tunneling is used
to alter the placement of electrons in the floating gate. An electrical charge,
usually 10 to 13 volts, is applied to the floating gate. The charge comes from
the column, or bitline, enters the floating gate and drains to a ground.This
charge causes the floating-gate transistor to act like an electron gun. The
excited electrons are pushed through and trapped on other side of the thin
oxide layer, giving it a negative charge. These negatively charged electrons
act as a barrier between the control gate and the floating gate. A special
device called a cell sensor monitors the level of the charge passing through
the floating gate. If the flow through the gate is greater than 50 percent of
the charge, it has a value of 1. When the charge passing through drops below
the 50-percent threshold, the value changes to 0. A blank EEPROM has all of the
gates fully open, giving each cell a value of 1. The electrons in the cells of
a Flash-memory chip can be returned to normal ('1') by the
application of an electric field, a higher-voltage charge. Flash memory uses
in-circuit wiring to apply the electric field either to the entire chip or to
predetermined sections known as blocks. This erases the targeted area of the
chip, which can then be rewritten. Flash memory works much faster than
traditional EEPROMs because instead of erasing one byte at a time, it erases a
block or the entire chip.